Tourism And Economic Growth Of Sri Lanka Tourism Essay

Tourism And Economic Growth Of Sri Lanka Tourism Essay 1. Tourism is a good business in modern world to attract foreign currencies and it gives a large number of occupations to the people. Modern tourist industry develops with various requirement or purposes of tourists like pleasure, business, education requirement, research and many some more other visit foreign countries during their vacations or winter seasons of their native countries. Because they expect to reduce their expenses and difficulties due to seasonal changes. 2. Thailand, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Maldives and Indonesia are the most famous tourist destinations in modern world. Sri Lanka is also a world famous tourist destination and known as a Paradise Island in the world. Country size, geographical variation, climatic condition, cultural and heritage sites, natural environment and tourists expenses are the key facts to attract tourists to the country. 3. But this paradise Island suffered with a thirty years conflict situation and during that time tourist industry collapsed. Tourists rejected this Island with conflict environment because there have been many explosions in Colombo and suburban areas. As well most states labeled this country as non tourism destination for safer visits. As a result most tourists were attracted to other destinations like Fuket Island, Maldives and Thailand. 4. Tourist industry of Sri Lanka regenerated after the end of crisis environment of the country and started a new economic development programme since 2009. Giant infrastructure resources invested to boost the economy of the country. This miracle was started after the dawn under sustainable peace and political environment of the country. Foreign money is very important for these developments because economy development highly expects to attract foreign currencies under many ways like Foreign Direct investments, Aid, foreign occupations, tourism and loan facilities. 5. Sri Lanka is expecting to develop this country as a major tourist destination in Asia. Sri Lanka has various opportunities to achieve that goal like pleasure tourism, eco tourism, cultural and heritage sites, religious base tourism, business, education and facilitator as a centre of international transportations. But tourism sector need wide range resources and facilities to develop that as the main economic sector contributor. Present infrastructure development programme concerns to develop tourist sector requirements like international standard roads, hotels, urban areas, aviation and harbor sector developments. 6. International tourism is a giant business because it consists with large number of services and requirements. Tourists visit to take new experiences and pleasure from their visits. They do not expect complex legal procedures and restrictions from their destination places. In contrast tourist industry gains some big troubles to host country as sexually transmitted diseases, illegal drugs and social challenges. Therefore Sri Lanka needs to concern balance economic development through tourism in the future. AIM 7. The aim of this paper is to discuss the development of tourism industry and its contribution to develop the economy of Sri Lanka. IMPORTANCE AS A TOURIST DESTINATION 8. Tourist destination needs stronger opportunities to attract tourism easily because tourists expect different environments than their home or states. Natural splendour, scenic beauty, tropical climatic condition and historical sites increased the value of this island to tourists in all over the world. Also they can travel from different climatic conditions within 3 to 4 hours travel from any part of the country with the geographical size of the island. These factors are gaining additional value to their tours and to Sri Lanka to improvise tourism and countrys development. NATURAL VALUES OF SRI LANKA 9. Sri Lanka is a humid tropical island lying in the South Asian region to southwest of the Indian peninsula in the Indian Ocean. When considering the geography and topography of the island three height levels or erosion levels are recognized by their height and slope features. The first level is the largest of the three and extends from sea level to 270m above mean sea level. The Uplands or the second level extends from 270m to 900m above mean sea level and the Highlands or third level at 900 to 2420m. These height levels illustrated very valuable scenic beauty and climatic difference to the country. Most tourists attract this variation and they enjoying with these values during their visits. 10. The island has also been divided into four climatic zones based on rainfall. The Dry zone occupies less 60 per cent of the total land area of the country. Its annual rainfall is between 1250-1900 mm and its mean annual temperature ranges 27 to 30Â °C. It is characterized by monsoon forests and thorn scrublands. The Wet zone which covers approximately 23 per cent of the total land area, receives a rainfall of 2500-5000 mm per year. It consists of lowland evergreen forests, montane rain forests and semi evergreen rain forests. 11. The transition zone between the above two zones is known as the Intermediate zone where the annual rainfall varies between 1900-2500 mm. The two semi-arid zones in the South-east and North-west receive less than 1250 mm of rainfall per year. Climatic difference made wider environmental difference in the country. Therefore tourists can visit various natural environments with high variation of biodiversities. 12. Another most important natural value for tourism industry development is land portion of Sri Lanka because our motherland is small in size with only 65,610 square kilometers of land. Its significant variation in climate, topography and soil properties has given rise to a striking variety of forest types. It provide habitats for a wide diversity of faunal and floral species. In fact Sri Lanka is one of the eight Hottest Hotspots out of the 25 Biodiversity Hotspots of international significance and is ranked among the highest in Asia in terms of biodiversity per unit area. Tourist can visit through these environments because Sri Lanka provides enough facilities to watch sanctuaries, wildlife parks and forest reservoir areas after taking appropriate permissions to visits. This is a big experience for tourists because they can take most natural experiences from this tiny island. 13. Fifteen floristic regions have been recognized within the country and these diverse habitats have given rise to a corresponding wide range of natural vegetations including forests like Tropical wet evergreen forests, Tropical moist semi-evergreen forests, Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests, Tropical thorn forests, Savannahs, Riverine forests, Tropical lower Montana forests and Tropical Montana or cloud forests, grasslands, Dry Montana grasslands, Lowland grasslands, Wet villu grasslands, inland wetlands and coastal and marine habitats. Such natural values enhance the value of the country and this island world famous as one of the natural treasure of the world. HERITAGE VALUES 14. Sri Lanka is a rich country with heritage values with over 2500 years modern history and millions of years pre historic era. Most cultural and heritage values developed in the country with the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Sri Lanka consisted with big treasure of heritage sites and ancient constructions like Load Buddhas statues, stupas, tanks, other statues, wall paintings, cave paintings, stone carvings and religious places. Sri Lanka provides facilities to visit these heritage sites and tourists can take interesting experiences from these tours. 15. Tourists can visit ancient kingdoms like Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Sigiriya and Kandy. As well Sri Lanka has number of colonial era constructions and architecture in various places and they can also see indigenous groups and their life styles if they travel to Dambana areas. Sri Pada or Adams peak, Anuradhapura Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi and Temple of Tooth relic are most important religious places of Sri Lanka and tourists can visits all these places with their interests. CULTURAL AND TRADITIONAL VALUES 16. Sri Lanka is a multi ethnic country and world most popular religious groups are living in the country. Therefore they can take experiences about the cultural and traditional differences of these communities. They can take experiences about customary food of Sri Lankans like rice and curry, hoppers, milk rice, roti, string hoppers, pittu, and kottu. They can take these experiences much easily because most local restaurants, hotels and smaller hotels provide wide range food for everyone. Furthermore tourist can buy any other cuisine from most tourist restaurants and hotels with their interests. 17. Sri Lankans celebrate various religious and cultural festivals throughout the year therefore tourists can take these experiences with seasonal celebrations like Sinhala and tamil new year, Wesak, posson and Esala festival, Christmas and new year celebrations when they visit to Sri Lanka. Esala procession and various other processions can be seen in Sri Lanka and it gains good experience for tourists because they can watch these cultural and traditional events without any payments. OTHER ENTERTAINMENTS 18. Visit to Sri Lanka provide various entertainment opportunities to tourists. They can enjoy their holidays with various attractive things like beach parties, club parties, music, bright sunshine, sea bathing and Ayurvedic treatments. Furthermore they can visit to watch whales, corals, diving events, boat trips, elephant orphanage, zoological and botanical garden. Tourist can visit to local shopping and they have opportunities to buy various attractive things like gems, handicrafts, dresses, duty free equipments and most local market items like fresh fruits, meats, fish, instant food and packet items. TOURIST DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND EFFECTIVENESS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH 19. Tourism industry is still developing after crisis environment. But large number of tourists attracted to this country after the crisis environment in 2009. Therefore tourist industry is boosted again with high potential in income ways and infrastructure development ways. Tourism sector development helped to develop countrys economy and economic development rate and it represents as a major foreign currency earning way of the country. a. Earn Foreign Money. Tourism sector directly helps to flow foreign money into the country. Tourism industry is a giant foreign income way because we can earn foreign money through providing tourist sector services to the guests and sale other type of goods and services to them. Sri Lanka earned over 213 million US dollars in 2001 from direct tourist sector services and it increase as 350 million US dollars in 2009 and 575 million US dollars income in 2010 and 645 million US dollars income in 2011. b. Develop Local Business and Tourist Sector Facilities. Tourist sector facilities also developed after the war. Large number of hotels and restaurants were closed and others depended with very low incomes during past two decades. Sri Lankan tourist sector survived in 2001 with 414 accommodations places included with 13,626 room facilities. This environment increased up to 783 accommodations with 14,714 rooms in 2010. This development helped to boost countrys economy as well we could provide food, spa services and other essential facilities to tourists through this industry and developed all these sectors during past few years. c. Attract Foreign Direct Investments. From the end of 2008 Sri Lankan economy displayed some positive attitudes again after few years. The FDIs inflow to the country in 2010 reveals that about 59 percent came into infrastructure development projects, manufacturing sector attracted 30.9 percent, service sector attracted 8.6 percent included with 2.7 for tourist sector and agriculture sector attracted 1.3 percent. China invest a large amount of financial in Sri Lankan land in tourism sector and Sri Lanka expects US dollor1.5 billion foreign direct investments through its first tourist city project. d. New Job Opportunities. Tourist industry consisted of wider job opportunities to Sri Lanka as direct and indirect job opportunities. This sector includes hotel field job opportunities, spa and saloon, guide and field services and transport sector job opportunities. Employment in tourist industry is represented 80,904 persons in 2001 and it increased up to 134,250 in 2011. Category 2001 2010 2011 Accommodations for Tourist 414 783 824 Employment of tourist Industry 80 904 132 055 134 250 Gross Tourist receipts (US dollars Million) 213 575 645 Annual room occupation rate (per cent) 42.1 70.1 71.8 Table 1: Tourism sector development 2001 to 2011. Source: Annual report 2011, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT PRESENT 20. Tourist industry has re-emerged after two decades under peaceful environment. Now most countries have removed their barriers for their citizens to visit Sri Lanka and they accept the present environment in Sri Lanka as an ideal country for tourism. Most tourist sector magazines and websites guaranteed our security environment and tourist sector services. As a result 654,476 tourists visited Sri Lanka during the year 2010 and it increased up to 855,975 arrivals in 2011. The tourist arrival has increased by 30.8 percent in 2011 than year 2010. 21. Nearly 85,874 tourists have visited in January 2012 and this trend continued until April 2012. Large numbers of tourists have arrived to Sri Lanka from European nations. They have been elected this country for their seasonal vacations after a very long time. Most of them highly appreciate about our hospitality, accommodations, our charges and new innovations in the industry. Sri Lanka could earn 830.3 million US dollar income through tourism industry in year 2012 and expect to increase tourist arrivals up to 1 million in this year. 22. Around 78.9 per cent of tourists arrived Sri Lanka to spend their holidays and most of them represent the middle income earners. Therefore, they spend little for additional purposes than their major purposes. Nearly 12.7 per cent visited Sri Lanka for business requirements and 5.4 per cent visited to met their relations and pals. Most tourists visit Sri Lanka to take more opportunities in visiting sites and engage in entertainments under effective budget. They have been attracted by our Ayurvedic treatments and spa services because they have to pay large amount in their countries for such services. Item 2001 2005 2010 2011 Tourist arrival for pleasure 300,545 382,321 516,538 Tourist arrival for business 22, 677 92,879 83,270 Tourist arrivals for other 13,572 74,108 54,668 Total Tourist arrivals 336,794 549,308 654,476 855,975 Table2: Tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka from 2001-2011. Source: Annual report 2011, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. GOVERNMENT EFFORT 23. Sri Lankan government has identified the requirements of tourist sector developments and has given priority to develop this country as a tourist destination. Under this programme the government has provided various facilities to tourists, tourist sector entrepreneurs and employees. Government has given much stronger support to these programme because it can use as major income of the country. a. Government has arranged giant hotel development programmes and attracted world largest hotel sector entrepreneurs to the country. b. Introduced new tourist destinations like Nilaweli, Arugam bay, Mirissa and reopened Kumana and other sanctuaries to tourists. c. Conducted international level promotion campaign to give publicity about Sri Lanka. This program conducted through diplomatic relationships. This programme was named as Visit Sri Lanka. d. Government has launched urban development programmes to construct major cities of the country to enhance tourism. These projects enhance the infrastructure facilities, tourist information premises, standard accommodations, leisure areas and important places of the each region. 24. Sri Lanka Tourist Board and Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority are operating under the authority of Ministry of Tourism and these organizations helped to develop tourism in the country. The Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority was formed under Section 2 of the Tourism ACT. SLTDA has provided several facilities to develop tourism in Sri Lanka. Ministry of tourism organized programmes to protect tourist industry and national values of the country with: a. All tourist sector services registered under the Tourist board and arranged limitations and standardization methods to enhance accommodations, restaurant, transportation and tourist guide facilities of the country. b. Manage and maintain tourist development programmes with the support of ministry of cultural and heritage. c. Banned illegal drugs, prostitutions and some alcohols in the environment of tourism industry. Sri Lanka police provide essential service and support to this program. Sri Lanka police has established special police unit to handle tourism related cases of the country. d. Tourist Board and Municipal Councils maintain Tourist information centers in all major cities of the island. 25. Sri Lanka expects to enhance tourism industry as the main contributor of our economy. Therefore we expect to attract 2.5 million tourists in 2016 and it will use to develop the economy of the country. Most infrastructures development projects help to enhance tourism sector of the country. Today our road network upgraded as international levels and local aviation systems also started to provide good service to tourists. Sri Lanka Air force and civil aviation authority provide good service to boost this programme. CHALLENGES AND THREATS FOR FUTURE TOURISM 26. Tourist industry of the country is developing with a rapid growth rate at present. Most accommodation and restaurant facilities comprehensively renewed to enhance tourism of the country. But we have been faced several issues in this sector with higher tourists arrivals. Comfortable accommodations and tourist board approved restaurants are not enough to handle the capacity of tourist sector. Number of new hotels and motels are constructing in everywhere of the country but we cant reach the goal in 2016 without expedited programmes in this sector. Our economic development goals are illustrated through these objectives, therefore we should be needed to catch these goals in correct time. 27. New tourist destinations need more accommodations, sanitations and restaurant facilities. Accommodations and restaurant facilities are very poor in northern region and new constructions are going under way. Therefore foreigners still do not visit to these areas. Sri Lanka is a maritime nation and most tourists like to spend in beach areas but our lifeguard services are not enough to provide good security to tourists who use our beaches and sea areas. As well Sri Lanka has beautiful inland water reservoirs but these resources cannot be used by anyone under lack of trainee personalities around those areas. 28. Prostitution and drug usage are other key issues in Sri Lanka. As well some tourists find sexual pleasure during their tours therefore these businesses are secretly arranged in Sri Lankan environment. Gay sexual participation is higher than female prostitutions because this method can be used without major problems under present legal process. Over 40,000 prostitutes and around 150,000 secrete prostitution members engage in this business. 29. Tourism industry is widely spread in most countries and numbers of regional countries provide remarkable facilities to foreigners. Thailand, Maldives, Singapore, Vietnam and India are key competitors in this region and they provide prostitution services to tourists and they have given relatively low cost packages to visitors. But we have faced big issues in this matter because Sri Lankan law enforcement, social environment, religious environment and health environment do not allow for prostitution in this country. Especially HIV infection is widely spread with prostitution, therefore this matter is a big challenge to the Sri Lankan environment. Sexual transmitted diseases and gambling have wide spreaded in tourist destinations and it will expand with new tourist destinations too. 30. Large number of persons engage to this massive business as Tourist guides or transport agents. But most of them engage in this giant industry without any professional qualification and it affected to gain many adverse results to Sri Lanka. This industry need professional persons in many fields like multiple language users, professional chefs, waiters, tourist lecturers and musicians to develop tourism in Sri Lanka. We can earn additional income through our cultural events and Ayurvedic treatments but the problem is most of these sector professionals are very rare in modern environment. SUMMARY 31. Sri Lanka is a great tourism destination and it is popular among Europeans since 12 Century. This industry developed in this country with three key factors like Sri Lanka is an authentic tourist destination, the country is a compact Island of 65610km and biodiversity and heritage spread is in a very widen range than other countries. As well this country is situated in a key position in international naval trade route and it can use to develop tourism industry. 32. Sri Lankan people, culture, spices food, gems, handcrafts, festival features, religious environments and adventure events increase the value for real tourism sector development. Sri Lanka is a key maritime nation and now we need to develop this country as economically developed country. Therefore we need to find suitable income ways and tourism industry is very important for that. Tourists highly interest to visit this island therefore we need to provide essential facilities and effective packages to enhance tourism industry. 33. Past dark years conflict environment adversely affected to tourism industry and it vigorously affected to decline economic development of the country. Sri Lanka survived with agriculture Corps since ancient history but now we need to develop with much stronger economic strategies. Therefore Sri Lanka needs to enhance tourism sector development with proper government mediations. 34. Over 800,000 tourist visited this country in 2011 and it continued in first quarter of 2012. In 2011 Sri Lanka earned 830.3 million US dollars through tourism and government expect to increase up to 1 million tourists visits in 2012. With the current accommodation facilities we can manage this target and now we need suitable expedited programmes to enhance tourist industry infrastructure developments in next two or three years. RECOMMANDATIONS 35. Government should be needed to mediate to solve tourism sector issues, especially in Sri Lanka tourism sector need large number of professionals in each fields. Therefore government should be needed to implement training and development programmes or standardization method to categories tourism sector employees as standard level. 36. Tourist Board can implement training programmes for tourist guides who work as beach boys or guides at present. This programme should be included registration system and need to issue standard identity card for them. This process is helping to increase talented job opportunities and it is effective to enhance the economy of the country. 37. Sri Lanka expects to earn foreign currencies through tourism therefore we need to standardize tourism sector price ranges and service values because tourists expect effective service during their visits. a. We can introduce proper billing method for accommodations. Under this we can implement suitable range of prices for each hotel classes. b. We can introduce proper local taxi services and tourist transport process to enhance countrys transport facilities for tourists. c. Ayurvedi spa services and medical facilities should be need to categories with proper ways. 38. Sri Lanka need 40,000 to 50,000 accommodation facilities to enhance tourism in next few years. Therefore government should be needed to provide additional facilities to attract new local and foreign investment to his sector. 39. Harbor and airport development programmes directly support to enhance our economy but we can earn additional foreign income with the development of tourism industry. Most international mariners and aviation industry professionals need accommodation facilities during their journeys therefore we can develop new tourism environment among these people. 40. Sri Lanka needs new law enforcement to develop tourism industry because most tourists visit this country for pleasure or joining with various entertaining events. We should be needed to provide some essential services like gambling and some alcohols to tourist under new formations. 41. Sri Lanka has a beautiful natural environment therefore we can market this resources through eco tourism development. Most foreigners are interested in spending their leisure with the natural environment. 42. Ayurvedic medicines and treatments are very important to enhance tourist attraction. Therefore we should be needed to introduce proper framework to provide correct ayurvedic treatments to tourists. B M A N V GUNATHILAKA CR Lieutenant Student Officer

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Essay

* Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- is the market value of all goods and services within a country in a period of time (Hindsight). * Real GDP- account for changes in the price level, an adjusted measure compared to Nominal GDP. * Nominal GDP- When a GDP figures that has not been adjusted for inflation. * Unemployment Rate- The rate is measure of unemployment citizens by dividing the number of unemployed by all currently employed. * Inflation Rate- Prices of items and services is rising, while purchasing power is in decline. * Interest Rate- The interest is paid by borrowers for the use of money they borrow from a loan lender. Part 2 An example would be food stamps sales and the groceries affects. A household family relies on the food stamps received from the American government, therefore used at the local Piggly Wiggly when buying the food. For someone who works for local government a massive layoff of employees is less likely. However, as an employed worker you are working harder for less money. A impact on retirement savings such as government cashing out citizens 401k’s. The government giving less money for grants for school or improvements on roadways, and fewer services provided to the citizens. A tax decrease will increase disposable income in a household. Disposable income is the main factor driving consumer demands. As a business, it encourages risk taking, hiring more employees, and even entrepreneurship. Government could have the opposite effect. Lowering taxes could mean cuts in department and services provided to the public. Reference Hindsight. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.forex-for-retirement.com/tag/hindsight/?lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=80f9522cbf28b08ef5fb257eb83c3330

Why Everybody Is Talking About English 101 Narrative Essay Topics

Why Everybody Is Talking About English 101 Narrative Essay Topics A narrative essay has a particular format, specific factor to discover, and a particular motif. Despite the first impression, it is not the easiest of all assignments. It is similar to a simple five-paragraph essay, in that it has the same format. A personal narrative essay is just one of the greatest tools to stop social issues that are frequently disregarded. Deciding on the topic for your essay might be the hardest part. Character Characters are a valuable part of a narrative essay. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. A photo essay is a set of pictures with a general topic or theme. It appears that Orwell was ideal. Orwell depicted the way the language was ruined as a way to make a totally new synthesis of non-standard abbreviations and new word constructions. Keep reading to find out more. To inform them, you will need to experience the greatest narrative essay topics and decide on the very best. The debut of your essay can begin with a hook. Formulating a thesis is often the toughest step, particularly for students new to academic writing. Stick to the upcoming ideas to create a productive thesis statement for your persuasive essay. The Hidden Gem of English 101 Narrative Essay Topics Morality Essay Topics Morality is a topic that's near and dear to lots of individuals. Thesis statements can take on several distinct forms, but the main issue is that you have to be in a position to defend it. Descriptive Narrative Essay Example may be used mainly to recreate a function. Schools should not have a thing to do with ads. Descriptive Essay on Market can be employed by tourists or visitors that don't have any prior understanding of a marketplace. Some students think best when they're permitted to be funny, and such topics will be useful for them. The War Against English 101 Narrative Essay Topics Essay idea generators aren't the worst alternative if you haven't any idea what things to write about. You can proceed and ask another person to go through your essay so that you obtain an original look at it. Having said this, this type of essay can be grounded on everything that you own a viewpoint about. The main issue to be mindful about in personal descriptive essay is that there shouldn't be any over-exaggeration. There's more than 1 way to compose a narrative essay. A narrative essay is believed to be among the most popular varieties of tasks that students get all too often. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. A personal narrative essay must be engaging, meaning that you need to include superior ideas with the vital points of information. It receives the reader interested and lets them know what things to expect in the remainder of the paper. Continuing with an event you do you're supplied for a sample essay outline. You are going to be able to boost your writing skills and consider these mistakes while writing your next essay regardless of what type you're going to be asked to write. For instance, you could hire somebody to do the research (by simply purchasing a paper) find the literature necessary for your topic and after that you could proceed with the writing. Bear in mind, however, that convincing your intended audience about something which you don't know for sure isn't the ideal way to compose your paper. When you have to choose a topic to write about, it can be a bit difficult because the majority of people can't really think about something they think is interesting enough to write about. From time to time, folks tell us it is the right time to get started acting older, but we don't feel like that inside ourselves. Alternatively, you should tie together the things you've been talking about and talk about their significance and the way they relate to one another.

Relationship between CRISPR-Cas9 and Stem Cells - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2151 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? Have you ever wondered if it is possible to cure cancer, have genetically related babies from same-sex parents, completely eradicate mosquitoes, resurrect an extinct species, or even insert a GIF into bacteria and have the bacteria replicate the GIF? With technology becoming more advanced by the hour, increasing possibilities are arising. In 1993, certain segments of DNA were discovered, called CRISPR (Clusters of Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). Twelve years later, Cas9, an enzyme responsible for separating areas of DNA was discovered. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Relationship between CRISPR-Cas9 and Stem Cells" essay for you Create order Used together, it is called the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is definitely capable of benefiting the human race by slowly filtering out the unwanted or undesired traits or diseases in the gene pool that will hinder the human race by slowly spreading throughout the gene pool, if not filtered and avoided. Along with CRISPR-Cas9, there appears to be certain cells called stem cells, which are types of cells that are multi-functional and, naturally, have the power to develop into any type of cell that is necessary, depending on and given the situation. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 and stem cell research are the absolute tipping point for breakthroughs in biology to come. CRISPR is a repeated pattern, most of the time found in prokaryotic organisms, that guides RNA to certain sequences of DNA. Cas9 is an enzyme that is in a position to cut DNA using a guide RNA. CRISPR-Cas9 will attach itself to a certain segment of DNA found by the guide RNA partnered along with the CRISPR-Cas9 enzyme. CRISPR-Cas9 literally cuts the DNA so that the other DNA can be inserted or so the DNA can heal itself leaving the harmful mutation or section of DNA behind. By using CRISPR-Cas9 and the natural technologies it provides to us, we can filter out many undesired traits or diseases that hinder our gene pool, especially those which cause certain fatalities or make life far near impossible for not only the victim of the disease or trait but the families of that individual person, too. Many people have been incorporating CRISPR-Cas9 into their lives for nearly the past 10 years and have no knowledge of the technology or aspect it plays in their lives. CRISPR-Cas9 has been and can be used in many different ways; such as, the fact that it is used to enhance the shelf-life of many yogurts and cheeses that are sold to the public in commercial-sized quantities (Grens, Kerry. There is CRISPR in Your Yogurt.). The improved resistance of the cultures pertains to foreign bacteria and possible viruses. Not only does CRISPR-Cas9 improve the shelf-life of certain foods, but it also reduces the risk of getting people sick, which in turn saves a lot of money. Sicknesses like malaria are a global burden, but fear not, CRISPR-Cas9 can also be used to progressively eradicate the population of a few certain species of mosquitoes on the earth. Scientists have recently located a female infertility gene that will spread down to other female mosquitoes, rendering them infertile. CRISPR-Cas9 will latch itself on to the female infertility gene (Molteni, Megan. Heres the Plan to End Malaria With Crispr-Edited Mosquitoes.) And then, with human effort will be transported to another female mosquitoes genes. Over time, the population of harmful mosquitoes will become extinct, saving thousands maybe even hundreds of thousands of people. Although this may sound like a solid idea, the ethical side of the notion is not solid, at all. There seems to be many people that say that its outright wrong to eradicate an entire species of animal, no matter what situation it is under. Many other people disagree, bringing up the rhetoric that mosquitoes carry malaria and malaria kills thousands a day. Eradicating harmful mosquitoes has been discussed by multiple African leaders as of Monday 7 July 2018, with a project called Zero Starts with Me (African leaders launch new, continent-wide campaign for a malaria-free Africa Zero Malaria Starts with Me campaign empowers Africans to take a stand in the fight against the deadly disease). The UN nearly unanimously decided against a moratorium that would ban gene drives on a few species of mosquitoes (Matthews, Dylan. Gene Drives Could End Malaria. And They Just Escaped a UN Ban.). Right now, a group called Target Malaria, is working on a project similar to what had been earlier discussed (Matthews, Dylan. Gene Drives Could End Malaria. And They Just Escaped a UN Ban.). Once the gene drive is released into the wild, thousands of lives will be saved, and the malaria threat will become less intimidating. Now to the other key, stem cells, are an unspecialized cell that has the ability to form itself into any type of cell, given the situation that it is in. The earliest mention of stem cells dates back to 1868 (Bostons Childrens Hospital) in German biologist Ernst Haeckels papers with the German term Stammzelle (translates to stem cell). Stem cells have been used in countless procedures with the goal of curing once incurable diseases, Such as sickle cell anemia. According to the Fetal Treatment Center (UCSF Fetal Treatment Center.), sickle cell anemia is treatable using what is called stem cell therapy (UCSF Fetal Treatment Center.). Sickle cell anemia is an inheritable disease that causes red blood cells to break down causing blood blockage and/or pain in the hosts body, and in even some rare cases cause death. Using the modern technology that we have today and all of the acceptance of stem-cell therapy, infants can avoid the aggravatingly painful disease and avoid passing it down to their children. People who have already lived with the disease for an extended period of time can be cured of sickle cell anemia, eliminating a possibly infinite amount of pain. How stem cell therapy for sickle cell anemia works is by replacing the native cells in some persons body that produce red blood cells, these cells are called hematopoietic stem cells, with new cells. This leads to the termination of some persons body producing sickle cells, the cells t hat are produced by sickle cell anemia that causes the aggravating pain. Within the procedure, a doctor will begin to transfer healthy stem cells from a donors bone marrow to some persons body by an injection from an IV tube into one of some persons veins. When the stem cells are all inside of some persons body, theyll head over to some persons native bone marrow and will commence creating healthy blood cells. A majority of the people in the United States of America believe that stem cell research is morally acceptable. According to a Gallup news poll (Gallup, Inc. , Stem Cell Research.), out of an unspecified number of people, nearly 66% of people polled approve of stem cell research and believe that its morally acceptable, 29% of people polled did not approve and found it morally unacceptable, 2% of the people polled believed that it depended on the situation, and 3% of people polled had absolutely no opinion on it, whatsoever. Gallup had recorded this survey over a lengthy span of 16 years, from 2002 until 2018. Along with that, The numbers have started to differ greatly with acceptance in favor. Most likely, in the future, stem cells will be the most accepted way of treating diseases and abnormalities throughout the human body. Most people throughout European countries have really shown acceptance according to a variety of articles, so accepted to the point where there is even commercial stem-cell based treatment to regenerate damaged ocular system called Holoclar. After 20 years of studies, experiments, and trial, it was finally accepted in Europe. (Europe Approves Holoclar? ®, the First Stem Cell-Based Medicinal Product., Eurostemcell.) Despite these positive views of stem cell research and treatment There seems to be several flaws in the system. Stem cell therapy, according to Dr. Marvin M. Lipman, M.D., should be low cost and if not, virtually free. (Interlandi, Janeen. The Trouble with Stem Cell Therapy) The FDA, explicitly advises people to be very cautious when considering stem cell therapy for an ailment, the FDA also has the power to regulate the systems in which different types of stem cell therapies, treatments, enhancements, and etc., run through. They also advise customers of stem cell treatments to warn the FDA of adverse reactions they had experienced from the usage of the variety of stem cell treatments including, for cancer treatments, the growth of malignant or even benign tumors, as malignant ones can be fatal and benign ones can be costly and hindering. Other advisories from the FDA contain asking the vendor of the stem cell if they have been reviewed and approved by the FDA for treatment and also to ask for an explanation from the vendor to what to the customer of the treatment doesnt understand (Office of the Commissioner. Consumer Updates FDA Warns About Stem Cell Therapies.). Although, stem-cell research has its negatives, many people have claimed that stem-cell treatments have thoroughly improved their lives. According to Kevin Punsky, a controlled study on stem-cell therapy effectiveness on arthritis, found that stem-cell therapy greatly improved the effects of arthritis on those affected with it. Even the placebos seemed to cause relief from pain, too. The two conclusions from the study that was conducted by Mayo Clinic were that; stem cell injections did work and provide pain relief and that it is possible that injections of anything can cause pain relief. Another benefit of stem cell research is that Gay and Lesbian couples will be in a position to have biologically related children to both parents. They will also feel less alienated from society as time goes on and as stem cell babies become more common. Using haploid (contains only half of the information) embryonic stem cells, researchers in china were in a position to successfully create healthy mice from two mothers that went on to have children of their own. According to Victoria Forster of Forbes ( Forster, Victoria. Researchers Have Created Healthy Mice From Same-Sex Parents. But Why?), Chinese researchers were in a position to produce healthy offspring from two mothers. The offspring also went on to have healthy babies, too. Although they did try creating offspring with two male mice and a surrogate mother, it did not work out nearly as well, and therefore, the babies died shortly after birth. The reason for this happening was due to the cause of imprints. Imprinting is the process of inheriting certain genes, one from the father and one from the mother. To create the mice offspring using two mothers, the scientists had to cut out a few imprints, using CRISPR-Cas9, but with the male mice and their offspring the scientists had to cut out several imprints, again, using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Even with all those imprints cut out of the male mice, the babies were still, born unhealthy, which led the scientists and their team to search for the hindering imprint and/or imprints that caused the hindrance in the health development of the mice which were born from two fathers and a surrogate mother. ( Forster, Victoria. Researchers Have Created Healthy Mice From Same-Sex Parents. But Why?) Using this method may even be possible in humans, according to journalist, Julie Compton of NBC News. Referencing the experiment with creating mice offspring with two mothers and two fathers, the article discussed how same-sex couples, sometime in the future, will be in a position to have children with both of their parents DNA (Compton, Could Same-Sex Couples Soon Conceive a Child with Both Their DNA?). In the second part of the article, Compton, in-depth, discusses the social implications and the legal implications given that, in some states, the processes of having babies via donors is still uncertain in quite a few states (Compton, Could Same-Sex Couples Soon Conceive a Child with Both Their DNA?). Using the method of biologically related same-sex parents, the courts will have no other choice than to assign legal parenthood to the same-sex couple, given that a problem arises related to custody. CRISPR-Cas9 and Stem Cell research has provided so many groundbreakers and breakthroughs in the field of biology. As previously stated, people have been incorporating the CRISPR-Cas9 into their lives for the past 10 years with not even a trace of a clue. Yogurt and cheeses have been altered with the system. It saves many lives and inadvertently saves everyone involved in the business so much money. Not only have we found a cure for a once-incurable disease called sickle cell anemia which is agonizingly painful and carried down through generations, weve also found a way to progressively eradicate an entire population of malaria-carrying mosquitoes that currently kill thousands a day, weve even found a way to produce offspring from biologically same sex parents in mice. What was once thought of, as science fiction, is becoming non-fiction. In order for us, as humans, to evolve, we need to take advantage of what CRISPR-Cas9 research and stem cell research has to offer.

Essay on Vincent Van Goghs Starry Night at St. Rémy

Vincent Van Goghs Starry Night at St. Rà ©my Vincent van Goghs Starry Night at St. Rà ©my of June 1889, expresses the comforting power and spirituality of the infinite night sky over the humbler, earthly brand of nature through a synthesis of exceptional visual power, elements of religious allegory, and of modern spiritualism. This work is the product of van Goghs refusal to depict the purely imaginary, but willful manipulation of what is real in order to achieve a more powerful work, both visually and through symbolism and allegory. Starry Night is more powerful than van Goghs literal Agony of Christ would have been because, in separating itself from imagery that is strictly religious in its connotations, he was able to†¦show more content†¦The church is the only building that deviates from this approach, containing actual planes of color and evidencing a fairly complex outer structure. These features make the church the most motionless building of all by denying it the motion of the brush strokes and giving it the s olidity of a definite form. Calming blue and purple dominate the paintings color scheme, with moonlight, starlight and a band of colored light close to the horizon containing mostly yellows, along with points of red and orange. The moon itself is a yellow-orange, while the two spiraling bands in the sky are greenish-blue in hue. Green tints highlight the glows of all the celestial features and tint the plant life on the ground. Greys and reds are characteristic of the houses, with orange indicating houselights, and powder blue filling in the lines of the church tower. Finally, the writhing lines that define the dark green cypress lines are a rich reddish brown and near-olive green, causing it to emerge as a sharply defined profile against the vivid colors of the sky and purple-greens of the landscape below. Van Gogh was a naturalist who committed to representing the real. He refused to paint the imaginary; however, he was willing to challenge realistic depiction in order to express a mood orShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Van Gogh s Agony967 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Van Gogh’s Agony In â€Å"Van Gogh’s Agony†, Lauren Soth proposes the argument that Starry Night by artist Vincent Van Gogh is more than just a landscape created from direct observation, but a nontraditional outlet for Van Gogh’s repressed religious beliefs that could not be expressed through traditional Christian imagery. However, Soth presents little convincing evidence from sources both primary and secondary to support this theory. Although some of the evidence may support his thesisRead MoreVan Gogh s Starry Night1671 Words   |  7 PagesIn Vincent Van Gogh’s Starry Night there are many aspects of the artwork that are symbolic of Van Gogh’s life struggles. It is easy for the viewer to assume that the aspects of Starry Night represent van Gogh’s time in the asylum, however, not all aspects represent his insanity and isolation. Starry Night is van Gogh’s representation of his biography inspired by his loss of faith, which can be seen and supporte d by the symbols of the church and the stars. It is fair to say van Gogh was not in aRead MoreThe Stars in Van Goghs World 774 Words   |  3 PagesThe Stars in Van Gogh’s World â€Å"I often think that the night is more alive and more richly colored than the day .† He demonstrated this ideal through his painting â€Å"The Starry Night,† one of the most iconic paintings of nineteenth century. Through this painting, Vincent van Gogh shared a very personal experience with the viewer. The nature of the night became a symbolic image to van Gogh. The representation of the small town resembles the small scale of human life. The Church points directly upwardRead MoreAnalysis Of Van Gogh s Agony By Lauren Soth And Under The Starry Night By Denis J. Billy Essay2419 Words   |  10 PagesOne of the most mysterious and thought-provoking images to date was painted in 1889 from a mental health institution in St. Remy, France by non-other than Vincent Van Gogh. The opulence of blues and yellows has the ability bring a viewer to its knees, mostly in a subconscious manner that evokes a kind of spiritual quest, perhaps one that Van Gogh was on himself. The Starry Night is still heavily contemplated and its meaning is still relatively unknown and quite debated, as is the man himself. InRead MoreVan Gogh And His Works2225 Words   |  9 PagesVan Gogh moved to Arles in 1888, where he wanted to start a colony of artists who would all live and create together (Department of European Paintings). This community did not actually come together because no one went to work with van Gogh. However, Vincent’s hero Paul Gauguin did visit and work with him. When van Gogh heard of this news, he became excited and optimistic. In preparation for Gauguin’s visit, he created a series of bright yellow sunflower paintings. It was his intention to decorateRead MoreComparison of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist Paintings1315 Words   |  5 PagesJatte,Vincent Van Goghs View of Arles-Orchard in Bloom with Poplars, and Paul Cezannes The Chatteau at Medan. These are some of the most noted Post-Impressionists (Tanaka, 2001, p. 201). Post-Imp ressionist paintings generally strove to be everything that Impressionist paintings were not, and attempted to forsake external influences of light, color, and reality for imagination and self-induced creativity. These works reflected a less objective and a more personal view of the world. Van Goghs workRead More Effect Of Postimpressionists On The Next Generation Essay5119 Words   |  21 PagesHenri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, and others, and to have finally declared: quot;Oh, lets just call them post-impressionists; at any rate, they came after the impressionists.quot; The term was firmly established when Fry held a second show of postimpressionist art at the Grafton Galleries in 1912. The Postimpressionists The painters most closely associated with postimpressionism all took part in Frys first exhibition: Cà ©zanne, Seurat, Gauguin, Matisse, and van Gogh. Although

Impact of Affordable Care Act on Medicare Free Essays

What is the Impact of ACA on Medicare? Tyeisha Molina Managed Care and Insurance Professor Conway October 21, 2012 Abstract There are many changes being made by the Affordable Care Act which will have an impact on Medicare. Affordable Care Act makes Medicare stronger as well as assists the elderly with taking responsibility of their health outcomes. The act will provide essential free assistances which include preventive services, yearly wellness appointments and a fifty percent price reduction towards prescription drugs for the individuals that are in the coverage gap called the donut hole. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Affordable Care Act on Medicare or any similar topic only for you Order Now Medicare recipients can also work with their physicians to develop a personal prevention plan. Affordable Care Act impacts Medicare for the reasons that the elderly for no cost or little cost will receive more benefits than they have before. The intention of the act is to encourage improvement, trial analysis for forms of payment models and enhancements to the ways payments are made for basic health services, the promotion of patient centered support given by health institutions, reducing unnecessary inpatient stays and developing an incentive plan for practitioners, hospitals and additional health facilities so that the delivery of care is provided in an efficient manner. Affordable Care Act does not necessarily eliminate every issue associated with Medicare, but it is definitely a start. There are still changes that will have to be made in order to correct the continuing gaps amongst the amount of workforces that pay taxes into the Medicare and the amount of individuals that receive the assistance. There is also the issue of the increasing health care costs which will continue to jeopardize its purpose of being long term solution. Due to the ACA a lot more individuals will be able to afford health care benefits including safeguards which will assist them with keeping insurance at times when a critical health condition arises as well as managing ongoing health problems. The Affordable Care Act demonstrates actual enhancements for Medicare recipients presently as well as in the upcoming years. What is the Impact of ACA on Medicare? Preventive Services Crucial preventive services can currently be obtained by individual’s that are Medicare participates without a co-pay or deductible such as colonoscopies and breast exams. Enhancing availability to preventive services has the capability of improving detection of illnesses in the early stages and treatments which can possibly reduce the amount being spent and to improve the well-being of Medicare recipients for the long-term. Medicare was beginning to pay for additional preventive care services that were in accordance with the typical United States health care insurances as a measure to decrease the necessity of costly health care treatments in the future. â€Å"The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 provided that in the first six months which was amended to the first year of a person’s enrollment in Medicare Part B, that person is entitled to an initial preventive physical examination† (Bergthold 2012). The intention of the examination was to encourage healthy lifestyles and identify illnesses in advance to avoid them becoming worse. The exam consists of information, therapy, support services amongst other types of screens for cancer and testing. (Adamopoulos 2012) The Affordable Care Act has now added yearly wellness visits along with the existing exam. The wellness visits consist of an all-inclusive risk evaluation as well as a personal prevention plan. The evaluations will take into account the individual’s health history as well as their family’s history, different observations which include weight, blood pressure, mental deficiencies and extensive list of screening exams that extend to five or ten years. The benefits are covered by Medicare free of charge for participates of the plan and there also is no fee attached to the wellness visits. These services will also be available to participants of the traditional Medicare plan due to the Affordable Care Act. Due to the yearly wellness exams being available to every Medicare participate there should be an increased improvement in their medical status and it could possible decrease the Medicare’s program costs in the future. (Adamopoulos 2012) What is the Impact of ACA on Medicare? Prescription Drug Coverage Prescription drugs are a major category of health care costs for the majority of elderly people. In 2006, Medicare Part D began which covered prescription medication attached to it was a coverage gap called donut hole, but before this there was no coverage available for medications. Once the yearly deductible is paid the primary coverage part of the Medicare Part D program begins which obligated participates to contribute to twenty-five percent of the costs of their prescription medications. When required amount prescription drug amount has been reached which includes the amount Medicare pays and the participate pays which is $2,830 the participant enters the donut hole and then they are required to pay the full amount of the medication costs. A participate continues in the donut hole until they have reached medication costs of $6,440. Once that occurs the catastrophic level of prescription drug coverage begins and participate does not spend any more than five percent of the medication costs without any limitations. (Kaplan 2011) The abnormal structure was not equivalent to any type of health care funding agreement whether unrestricted or private in America or any other country. The program was created due to a collaboration of multiple unconnected governmental obligations. The first obligation was that the Medicare prescription program was in need of a reasonably lower yearly deductible to make sure the majority of participants saw individual benefits for being enrolled in the plan. The reason for this was due to a failure of a 1988 regulation made to the Medicare drug program. As a result an enrollee would have to volunteer for any new legislated Medicare prescription program which meant that if the enrollee had to volunteer for the program it was important for the majority of the recipients to be given some form of substantial assistance for participating in the program. (Kaplan 2011) The second obligation pertained to the circulation of the yearly prescription costs that followed the simple design for health costs which was normally the main part of the program’s expenses which were caused by a small number of the programs enrollees. The costs from the small amount of enrollees have the ability to be an enormous amount. Therefore, in order for the Medicare prescription program to offer most support for the participants that required it more than the catastrophic coverage had to have a lower co-pay amount attached to it. The model’s ending fee level has a five percent co-insurance obligation without a limit of on coverage. (Kaplan 2011) The last obligation was due to the administration directed by President Bush which concluded they were going to assign a specified amount that would go towards the new plan and nothing else. With the combining lower yearly out-of pocket costs with the addition of added benefit once the deductibles are reached, the limitless catastrophic coverage level along with a lower co-insurance fee requirement and the secure worldwide financial plan it was inevitable that changes had to be made. The change that occurred was the diminishing of the donut hole which was located between the start of the coverage and the catastrophic level. (Kaplan 2011) The last part of the Affordable Care Act relates to the prescription drugs which increases the cost for the higher earning individuals that are enrolled in the Medicare program. The Affordable Care Act has also increased the Part D payment the higher earning individuals have to pay in addition to the method of the raised payments that are required to pay for the Medicare Part B portion of the program. The modification has usually been labeled as a decrease in the payment funding given to the high earning enrollees, but its result on those elderly individuals that are part of this requirement is the identical increased once-a-month charges that are required for registration in the section of the plan. (Kaplan 2011) What is the Impact of ACA on Medicare? Skilled Nursing Home Initiatives Another impact made by the Affordable Care Act is to increase the information that is provided to enrollees pertaining to the long-term services provided in skilled nursing homes. There are additional proposals which support ethics courses for nursing homes staff members, but the primary objective of Affordable Care Act for the skilled nursing home initiative is to add main focus of the ACA’s nursing home initiatives is to require that additional skilled nursing home data be added into the current Nursing Home Compare link located on the Medicare site. The information is critical for individuals that are trying to consider placement in a nursing facility. Some of the information is currently available on Medicare’s website, but at times there is insufficient standardization which allows a potential tenant without difficulty assess prospective nursing homes. There are times when an elderly person has limited reasonable options for long-term care as well as need a facility in a short timeframe. (Urban 2012) The type of intentional shopping around for agencies which the new statute requirement seems to visualize is usually common for an assisted living facility rather than a nursing home. The obligation to have illegal violations as well as public fines to be openly revealed has the chance to put additional burden on restrictions which will enhance its defending ability. There are times when the information that is provided can cause incorrect understandings. Also, a suitable level of employee development that the facility requires will depend highly on how severe the occupants’ conditions are. The individuals that are highly informed will have the ability to comprehend the excellence of services being provided by a skilled nursing home based upon the added information the skilled nursing homes have to release. (Urban 2012) In conclusion, the Affordable Care Act health care reform has the ability to improve results as well as save additional revenue. Developing an enhanced Medicare plan and a health care Building an improved Medicare program and an improved health care distribution structure needs to be a collective effort. By allowing individuals to gain additional power with controlling their medical care as well as reinforcing the Medicare plan. The act gives extended coverage for services and an enhanced combination of services for individuals that are in need of care. References Adamopoulos, Helen. (2012). The Supreme Court Affordable Care Act Decision: Could it Mean Catastrophe for Medicare Advantage? Retrieved from http://medicarenewsgroup. com/context/understanding-medicare-blog/understanding-medicare-blog/2012/06/21/the-supreme-court-affordable-care-act-decision-could-it-mean-catastrophe-for-medicare-advantage-. Accessed on 13 October 2012. Bergthold, Linda. (2012). Seniors Are Asking†¦ What’s Next for Medicare? Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/linda-bergthold/seniors-are-asking—what_b_1666779. html. Accessed on 13 October 2012. Kaplan, Richard L. (2011). Older Americans, Medicare, and the Affordable Care Act: What’s Really In It for Elders? Retrieved from http://www. asaging. org/blog/kaplan-older-americans-medicare. Accessed on 13 October 2012. Urban, Mike. (2012) Many already feel impact of Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http://readingeagle. com/article. aspx? id=396360. Accessed on 13, October 2012. 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Kmart Australia Compliance Management Systems †Click to Solution

Question: Discuss about the Kmart Australia Compliance Management Systems. Answer: Synopsis Entities irrespective of their scale or nature have definite commitment and responsibilities towards their numerous stakeholders. As a result compliance management systems become crucial so as to operate as per the regulatory standards and to maintain the quality of its services. A sound Compliance Management Systems (CMS) help in managing risks and comes under the purview of the Board or Governing council of a respective entity. The paper has reviewed the CMS in practice at Kmart, one of the leading retailers in Australia. By the help of pertinent secondary data information has been gathered and their efficiency has been evaluated. The paper has finally outlined effective recommendations that will be helpful in improving the present state of affairs. Present Compliance Requirements The present internal compliance setup at Kmart can be stated to be a holistic one as it encompasses different policies aimed at diverse areas within the society as well as the organisation itself. Thus compliance requirements have been categorised into internal and external compliance practices. The employees working for the organisation are the ones who are influenced by internal frameworks and the level of compliance. Internal compliance area is human resource policies and other policies of safety within the workplace. The company believes in providing excellent shopping experience to their customers by promoting the human values (Need, 2006). The company adheres to frameworks implemented by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) both within Australia and other overseas locations. Ethical Sourcing Programme by the company illustrates the commitment by the company in respecting the labour codes and promoting human rights. The company also undertakes precaution to reduce risk fr om fire and related operational activities. Within external compliance parameters include compliance with the law, environmental compliance, record keeping and other associated areas. Measures of sustainability by the company include reducing energy usage, developing the community programme, developing strategies so as to promote eco-friendly operations and safeguarding the health and safety of the employees (Iraldo et l, 2009). The industry compliance requirements for Kmart stem from the Australian Consumer Law. Since the company is engaged in the retailing sector some of the key frameworks that are obligatory to operate include Competition and Consumer Act, 2010, Australian Consumer Law, Food Standards Code. Moreover the newly enacted Food and Grocery Code of Conduct is also an important law that needs to be abided by Kmart while dealing with suppliers (Bonazzi et al, 2009). Compliance Management Kmarts operations include general merchandise along with electrical photographic equipments. In the recent past there were several issues related to products and safety of operations. Moreover the company has come under scanner related to sourcing of the products. In this regard the audits carried out by the company indicate that the most common issues include working conditions in the factories as well as attempted bribes. The Workplace Health and Safety regulations in Australia require certain standards that are to be adhered to by the entities while operating. Some of the main areas covered by the Workplace Health and Safety Guidelines (WHS) are scalding from hot liquids/surface/steams, prevention of workplace discrimination and electrical safety (Darnall and Edwards, 2006). Thus it may be seen that the areas most affected include health and safety of the employees and product efficiency. Any such breaches in the compliance will attract penalty and therefore calls for effective mi tigation policies. Implications of non adherence to standards as prescribed by the government include fines and penalties. In cases that involve grave violations licenses may be cancelled. In case breach of standard is found related to safety standards a maximum fine of $1.1 million can be imposed. Companies are also required to comply with mandatory reporting failing which a maximum penalty of $ 16650 can be imposed. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission further direct the companies to immediately stop the circulation of the goods and removing it completely from the supply chain (King and Marks, 2008). Hence it may be seen that there are serious consequences for Kmart in case there is a breach. Apart from pecuniary impact the company will be seriously affected by the impact to the goodwill and brand image. Evaluation of Present Compliance system The company has implemented Ethical Sourcing Code and follow up audits are conducted so as to ensure adherence to the standards. Another initiative by Kmart is the UGR (Unwritten Ground Rules) that help in creating and maintain a high performance culture within the organisation. Apart from UGRs Kmart has implemented rigorous performance reviews, conferences, updates and learning programme to foster growth and harmonisaiton. In the year 2014 Kmart carried out 1120 audits in the factories of its suppliers (Kmart, 2016). Most common concerns that were identified by the audit were unwarranted overtime and deficient or incomplete records. Importance to product safety can also be gauged from the fact that the company carries out extensive testing of its products at laboratories. The company had recalled four products in 2015 and twelve in 2014. The retail industry is a highly competitive one and any form of negligence can lead to long term damage to an organisation. Kmart thrives to be the most respected retail organisation in Australia by the dint of effective compliance management system both internally and externally. It can be also mentioned that these checks and protections at Kmart is in sync with the organisational culture and value (Brenner, 2007). Research Process The research process carried out in understanding the compliance management system at Kmart was essentially a secondary research. Based on the existing articles on compliance management system the paper has articulated the existing compliance management framework as applicable in Australia. The paper has thoroughly analysed the reports published by Kmart in understanding the commitment of the company to sustainability and compliance. The research plan was developed after analysing certain strategy questions. These questions have been illustrated beneath: What types of sources are suitable for the topic What is the amount of research needed Establishing the category of materials permitted for the research Creating a timetable Budget for the research was estimated to be $ 100 AUD and it was allocated as per the requirement of the research. Recommendations Based on the findings from the report it may be seen that Kmart has been fairly successful in maintaining compliance within the operational sphere. However the compliance management of the company can be further improved by implementing some recommendations as outlined below: Increased investment in safety Researching the competitors Implementing compliance solutions like dashboard, organogram, compliance calendar etc. Greater participation from the leadership team Introduction An efficient compliance management system comprises of three interlinked elements. These elements are respective Board, compliance programme and compliance audit. The purpose of the implementation planning is to enhance the compliance management system at practice at Kmart. The onus of the planning will be on the personnel since they are the cornerstone of any business. Compliance committee will be established after due approval from the Board for implementing and coordinating the plan. As has been mentioned above there are three vital and interdependent elements within the compliance management system. With a view to promote further compliance within the operational sphere formation of a Compliance Committee has been envisaged (McLaughlin, 2007). The plan requires thorough participation from the different managers, officers and employees. Compliance Management System Overview An effective compliance management system comprises of procedures, training, monitoring and complaint redressing mechanism. As highlighted above compliance solutions in the form of organogram, dashboard and virtual compliance room will be immensely helpful in bolstering compliance practices in the organisation. It may be stated that a formal written compliance programme works well and acts as training and reference tool for different employees (Kothari, 2006). Kmart will also benefit from regular compliance assessment and monitoring. There are various compliance management applications that will help the company in mapping and monitoring the compliance processes across departments. As such the compliance management system comprises of components, documentation and information system. Implementation Support The process of implementation will encompass the elements of personnel, training, processes and administration. The Board of Directors has a significant role in ensuring sound implementation of the compliance management system. One of the significant problems that have been analysed by the audit programme is the cases of bribery. As such implementation of anti bribery programme will go a long way in ensuring success of the organisation (Racz et al, 2010). At the same time it may be opined that ensuring awareness among the employees is crucial in the success of the compliance management system at the organisation. The Compliance Committee, under the stewardship of the Chief Compliance Officer, will be responsible in putting the plan into action. An effective anti bribery programme will be the one that provides detailed workflows and complete integration so that it becomes easy for the officer to enable compliance management at various levels. Training of the associated personnel will be a key process in delivering the needed compliance system in the organisation. Administration process will encompass budgeting as well as resources required for sound implementation (Hopkins, 2011). The budgeting process is an important step and will include pre-budget, budgeting and post-budgeting sessions. The action schedule of the programme has been denoted by the following table: ID Task Name Duration July August September October November December 1 Determining Objectives 15 Days 2 Goal Setting and Commitment 15 Days 3 Project Cost Evaluation 1 Month 4 System Testing 15 Days 5 System Awareness Training 1 Month 6 Feedback on System Final Analysis 1Month One of the benchmarks within the compliance systems is the Australian Standard-3806. AS 3806 calls for developing, implementing and maintaining effective compliance programmes within public and private sector entities. The compliance management system as outlined in the above section caters to the AS 3806 standard since it enforces compliance by the company within the operational sphere. Other than AS 3806 the compliance system as fabricated adheres to the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management principles and AS ISO 10002:2006 Guidelines for complaints handling. Implementation of the compliance system will ensure commitment from the top management since it will require the active participation of the board and its subsequent adherence by the employees and other staffs (Brenner, 2007). Moreover such implementation of the compliance system will help in aligning the company policies with the organisational goals. Executive Summary The paper has analysed the concept behind compliance management system and its subsequent application in one of the most popular organisations in Australia. From effective analysis of data it has been observed that the facet of compliance management system at Kmart is quite effective. However further scope exists for the company in improving the present compliance management system. Keeping in line with organisational mission and vision effective steps have been outlined that will help Kmart in ensuring compliances at various sites and workplaces. Successful compliance system calls for effective monitoring and at Kmart monitoring will involve the participation from the managers and the employees so as to make the process successful in the long run. Establishment of System The steps for the compliance management system at Kmart start with the active participation from the board. After the due approval from the board a Compliance Committee will be established that will be responsible for the implementation of the system at the organisation. Duties and roles will be assigned to key managers and personnel involved in the operations of the company. This will ensure that the programme is carried out without any glitch. Key Performance Indicators (KPI) will be further helpful in analysing the performances of the different individuals associated with the process (Zeng et al, 2007). Monitoring Once the system is implemented it is imperative for the organisation to measure the progress. As such the monitoring process will be helpful in scaling the performance of the system and help in devising necessary recourses so as to ensure organisational success. The process of monitoring can be bolstered by the implementation of technology. Another significant element in compliance management is that a compliance manager needs to have sufficient authority so as to access different departments and undertake corrective practices. Moreover constant training and instruction is necessary so as to make the compliance system a successful one (Bonazzi et al, 2009). Results and analysis Results and analysis forms an important part in enhancing the efficiency of the compliance system. Results and analysis can be drawn from number of complaints, feedbacks and customer response. By the implementation of the compliance system compliance issues, both internal and external, can be improved. For instance Kmart can witness greater adherence to Unwritten Ground Rules that will subsequently improve organisational efficiency and ensure competitive advantage. Safe working environment can also be promoted by virtue of compliance management system (Need, 2006) Conclusion The paper has discussed the issues related to compliance management system and its subsequent application in Kmart. Through effective identification of problem the role of compliance management system has been illustrated. From the discussion it can be observed that Compliance Management System is a continuous process and monitoring of the system at periods is crucial in the long term success of the compliance management system. Relevant standards within this domain have also been identified and recommendations have been outlined that can further bolster compliance management system at Kmart. References: Bonazzi, R., Hussami, L., Pigneur, Y. (2009). Compliance management is becoming a major issue in IS design. InInformation Systems: People, Organizations, Institutions, and Technologies(pp. 391-398). Physica-Verlag HD. Brenner, J. (2007). ISO 27001: Risk management and compliance.Risk management,54(1), 24. Darnall, N., Edwards, D. (2006). Predicting the cost of environmental management system adoption: the role of capabilities, resources and ownership structure.Strategic management journal,27(4), 301-320. Hopkins, A. (2011). Risk-management and rule-compliance: Decision-making in hazardous industries.Safety science,49(2), 110-120. Iraldo, F., Testa, F., Frey, M. (2009). Is an environmental management system able to influence environmental and competitive performance? The case of the eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS) in the European Union.Journal of Cleaner Production,17(16), 1444-1452. King, W. R., Marks, P. V. (2008). Motivating knowledge sharing through a knowledge management system.Omega,36(1), 131-146. Kmart (2016): Online accessed from https://www.kmart.com.au/social-responsibility accessed on 9/8/2016 Kothari, P., 2006.Integrated enterprise-level compliance and risk management system. U.S. Patent Application 11/407,838. McLaughlin Jr, M. J. (2007).U.S. Patent No. 7,206,805. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Need, W. C. D. H. P. (2006). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Racz, N., Weippl, E., Seufert, A. (2010, July). A process model for integrated IT governance, risk, and compliance management. InDatabases and information systems. Proceedings of the ninth international Baltic conference, Baltic DBIS(pp. 155-170). Zeng, S. X., Shi, J. J., Lou, G. X. (2007). A synergetic model for implementing an integrated management system: an empirical study in China.Journal of cleaner production,15(18), 1760-1767.